The
Patient-
Centered
Medical
Home’s
Impact on
Cost &
Quality:
An Annual Update
of the Evidence,
2012-2013
January 2014
Authors:
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH
J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH
Paul Grundy, MD, MPH
Kevin Grumbach, MD
Made possible with
support from the
Milbank Memorial Fund
ABOUT THE
PATIENT-CENTERED PRIMARY CARE COLLABORATIVE
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AUTHORS
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH
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J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH
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Paul Grundy, MD, MPH
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Kevin Grumbach, MD
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Contributing Author:
Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD
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PAGE 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Melinda Abrams, MS
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,QVWUXFWRU 'HSDUWPHQW RI +HDOWK &DUH 3ROLF\ Harvard Medical School
Mark Gibson
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Oregon Health & Science University
Bruce Landon, MD, MBA, MSc
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Len Nichols, PhD
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George Mason University
Kavita Patel, MD
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Mary Takach, MPH, RN
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National Academy for State Health Policy
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PAGE 3
PCPCC STAFF
PCPCC BOARD OF
DIRECTORS
Marci Nielsen, PhD, MPH
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David K. Nace, MD, Chairman
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Amy Gibson, RN, MS
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Paul Grundy, MD, MPH, President
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Graphic design and layout:
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PAGE 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6
SECTION ONE
An Overview of the Patient-Centered Medical Home
8
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8
PCMH recognition programs
9
SECTION TWO
Summary of Cost & Quality Results
10
Methods
10
Results
10
Table 1. Peer-reviewed reports
11
Table 2. Industry-generated reports
15
Discussion
16
Table 3. Number and percent of studies reporting medical home metrics
16
The challenge of studying the PCMH
18
The right metrics
18
The right methods
18
SECTION THREE
The Future of Primary Care and the PCMH
20
The PCMH’s Role in Delivery System Reform
20
The foundation of high-performing Accountable Care Organizations
20
A hub for medical neighborhood
20
The payment reform imperative
21
All-payer or multi-payer payment reform
21
Employer and consumer engagement
22
Conclusion
23
APPENDIX A: PCMH Initiatives and Evidence since 2009
25
APPENDIX B: The Year in Review: Case Study Highlights
31
REFERENCES
34
PAGE 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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1. PCMH studies continue to demonstrate impressive improvements across a broad
range of categories including: cost, utilization, population health, prevention,
access to care, and patient satisfaction, while a gap still exists in reporting impact
on clinician satisfaction.
Total
Cost
Fewer Inpatient
Fewer
Improvement in
Improved
Increase in Preventive
Improvement in
Studies
Reductions
Fewer ED Visits
Admissions
Readmissions
Population Health
Access
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Satisfaction
PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA
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outcomes
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61%
31%
13%
31%
31%
31%
23%
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(n=4)
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INDUSTRY REPORTS
Reported
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outcomes
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57%
57%
29%
29%
14%
29%
14%
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Improvements in population health indicators and increase in preventive services, such
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system, specifically Accountable Care Organizations and the emerging medical
neighborhood model.
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PAGE 7
SECTION ONE
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATIENT-CENTERED MEDICAL
HOME
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PAGE 9
SECTION TWO
SUMMARY OF COST & QUALITY RESULTS
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Table 1. Peer Review-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category
Location/Initiative
Cost & Utilization
Population Health
Access
Patient or Clinician
& Preventive
Satisfaction
Services
Alaska
Alaska Southcentral
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Foundation
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PAGE 11
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative
Cost & Utilization
Population Health
Access
Patient or Clinician
& Preventive
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Military Health System
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PAGE 12
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative
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• 3K\VLFLDQV LPSURYHG
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WellPoint’s Single Health
Compared to control
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group:
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PCMH 40
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YHUVXV
Published: Sept. 2012
DGXOWV
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Data Review: 2007-2010
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Published: Nov. 2013
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PAGE 13
Table 1 continued
Location/Initiative
Cost & Utilization
Population Health
Access
Patient or Clinician
& Preventive
Satisfaction
Services
Utah
University of Utah
For the composite
Improvement in patient
Care by Design
scores based on team
satisfaction
Program43
based care, 2 measures
S
of productivity and
• ([SODQDWLRQ RI FDUH
Published: Nov/Dec 2013
cost were statistically
Data Review: 2008-2011
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Washington
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to 26 clinics in Washington
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and Idaho
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Published: May/June 2013
S
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PAGE 14
Table 2. Industry-Reported Outcomes 2012-2013, by location and by category
Initiative
Cost & Utilization
Population Health
Access
Patient and
& Prevention
Clinician
Satisfaction
Alabama
BlueCross BlueShield
• )HZHU (' YLVLWV
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• 2YHUDOO LPSURYHPHQW LQ
Alabama Medical Home
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avg., PCMHs had:
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Program 45
KLJKHU UDWH
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Published: Aug. 2012
RI
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FKLOGUHQ Z SKDU\QJLWLV
Connecticut
Connecticut Health
IHZHU PRQWKO\
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Enhancement Program 46
ED visits
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Published: Jan. 2013
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Data Review: 2011-2012
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CareFirst BlueCross
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KLJKHU TXDOLW\
BlueShield 47
savings
VFRUHV IRU SDQHOV WKDW
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Published: June 2013
Data Review: 2010-2012
incentives achieved
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incentives
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Blue Cross Blue Shield
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Michigan PCMH
visits
Program48
IHZHU SHGLDWULF
(' YLVLWV
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Published: July 2013
SULPDU\ FDUH VHQVLWLYH
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sensitive ED visits
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PCMH Pilot
Y
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Monmouth County
3&0+V
Public Employees 49
LQFUHDVH LQ EUHDVW
Published: Dec. 2013
FDQFHU VFUHHQLQJV Y
Data Review: 2012-2013
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PAGE 15
Table 2 continued
Initiative
Cost & Utilization
Population Health
Access
Patient and
& Prevention
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Satisfaction
Oregon
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Care Organizations
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(CCOs) Oregon Health
VSHQGLQJ
visits
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á
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Published: Nov. 2013
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Pennsylvania
Highmark Patient-
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Centered Medical Home
DGPLVVLRQV
Pilot 51
IHZHU GD\
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Published: Jan. 2013
• GHFUHDVH LQ WRWDO
Data Review: 2011-2012
3030 FRVWV IRU
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WRWDO 3030 FRVWV IRU
diabetics
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Discussion
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Table 3. PCMH Studies from August 2012 to December 2013 that report outcomes (by category and by
frequency)
Total
Cost
Fewer Inpatient
Fewer
Improvement in
Improved
Increase in Preventive
Improvement in
Studies
Reductions
Fewer ED Visits
Admissions
Readmissions
Population Health
Access
Services
Satisfaction
PEER-REVIEW/ACADEMIA
Reported
(n=13)
61%
61%
31%
13%
31%
31%
31%
23%
outcomes
(n=8)
(n=8)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=3)
INDUSTRY REPORTS
Reported
(n=7)
57%
57%
57%
29%
29%
14%
29%
14%
outcomes
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=1)
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SECTION THREE
THE FUTURE OF PRIMARY CARE AND THE PCMH
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PAGE 22
MULTI-PAYER INITIATIVES: THE ROLE OF PAYMENT REFORM
VERMONT BLUEPRINT FOR HEALTH
Author: Lisa Dulsky Watkins, MD, Former Associate Director, Vermont Blueprint for Health
The importance of employers and payers investing in the PCMH model is critical because the extent to which
various payers - Medicare, Medicaid, commercial plans, and employers - are aligned around these payment
models is the extent to which true transformation of the US health care system is possible. These “multi-payer”
initiatives convince health care providers that the daunting task of redesigning their clinical practice is worth
the time, effort, and investment because a majority of their payer-mix supports the re-design. 77
The Vermont Blueprint for Health 78 is a striking example of the effectiveness of a successful multi-payer reform
effort. 79 The statewide adoptions of the spectrum of this multifaceted program can be linked to a long-standing
willingness to cultivate collaborative relationships among the various stakeholders. This demonstrable public-
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theoretical to the implemented.
Over the last decade, Bipartisan support in the public sector had a profound impact on the credibility of Health
Reform. Republican Governor Jim Douglas and an increasingly Democratic State Legislature found common
ground on key aspects of reform, joined by a commitment to grapple with predictions of escalating costs and
increasing morbidity in the aging Vermont population. Initial Blueprint activity was seated at the Vermont
Department of (Public) Health, seen widely as a neutral convener of the disparate groups brought together.
Meaningful engagement of the private sector was essential. From the very beginning, commercial insurers,
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to participate in the myriad planning and advisory committees. Attention was paid to the need for national
recognition of practices as PCMHs, the scale of enhanced payments to the practices, the initial development
and payment of the locally based care coordination teams, respect for the internal business processes of the
participating insurers and accountability of the Blueprint to its funders regarding outcomes.
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implementation and evaluation strategies to be undertaken. Their commitment to voluntarily support the
Blueprint was evident. There are self-insured employers already participating in the Blueprint despite their
ERISA exemptions, and discussion with others as well as with private payers as the impact on cost and quality
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insurers,80 but there remains the impact of the process undertaken in good faith.
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making the program “all-payer” through the lens of the practices and payers.
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of CMS as a payer was a critical problem in statewide implementation, Vermont leaders were instrumental in
the call for its involvement. The CMS Multi-payer Advanced Primary Care Demonstration, for which Vermont
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CONCLUSION
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APPENDIX A: Summary of PCMH evidence by category and
organized by State/Location, with references, 2009-2013
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Medical Home Program Description %OXH &URVV %OXH 6KLHOG $ODEDPD $XJXVW
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Alaska Southcentral Foundation - Noka System of Care
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Alaska Native Medical Center
“A new model of health care”
$VLQRI Providence Business News 0D\
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Orange County, CA Health Care Coverage Initiative (HCCI) - Medical Services Initiative
“Impact of Patient-Centered Medical Home Assignment on Emergency Room Visits Among Uninsured
Patients in a County Health System”
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“American Medical Home Runs,” 0LOVWHLQ $ *LOEHUWVRQ ( Health Affairs
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Blue Cross Blue Shield of California Accountable Care Organization Pilot
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Location
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Johns Hopkins University - Guided Care Program (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD)
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Capital Health Plan
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Idaho
Blue Cross of Idaho Health Service
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State of Illinois Medical Home Pilot
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PAGE 26
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
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New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative
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“Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home and Preventive Services”
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Institute for Family Health Patient-Centered Medical Home Program
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APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location
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EmblemHealth High Value Medical Home Initiative
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Community Care of North Carolina (State Medicaid Program)
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Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina - Blue Quality Physician’s Program
“Blue Cross and Blue Shield Patient-Centered Medical Home Programs Are Improving the Practice and
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Fields, et al. Health Affairs
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Humana Queen City Physicians
“Senate Panel Looks at Innovative Health Care Strategies,” Kaiser Health News -XQH
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Oklahoma Medicaid
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Oregon Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) Oregon Health Authority
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“Bend Memorial Clinic Reduces Hospital Admissions and Emergency Visits”
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PAGE 28
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location
Initiative
3HQQV\OYDQLD
UPMC Health Plan Medical Home Pilot
“Results from a patient-centered medical home pilot at UPMC Health Plan hold lessons for broader adoption
of the model”
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Southeast Pennsylvania (SEPA) Multi-Payer Collaborative
“Multipayer patient-centered medical home implementation guided by the chronic care model”
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PinnacleHealth
“PinnacleHealth Expands Patient-Centered Medical Home Model,” 3LQQDFOH+HDOWK 1HZV -XQH
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Geisinger Health System Proven Health Navigator PCMH Model
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0DHQJ HW DO American Journal of Managed Care 0DUFK
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Independence Blue Cross - Pennsylvania Chronic Care Initiative
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Highmark Patient-Centered Medical Home Pilot
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Rhode Island Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative
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Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island
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Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina, Palmetto Primary Care Physicians
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PAGE 29
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Location
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8WDK
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